For instance, in 1999, to make the duration of volleyball and beach volleyball matches more predictable in terms of their length, the rule that only the serving player can score a point was changed, and now, a point is scored from every rally by whichever side wins the rally. However, a more nuanced examination reveals that in recent decades sport governing bodies have initiated many changes in the way competitions are organized and how sports are played. Additionally, we found that the amount of empty-goal practice is positively related to the approval of the empty-goal rule among goalkeepers.Īt first glance, it may seem that rules for a given sport remain relatively static, with changes only rarely being made. Results of a survey among 95 professional goalkeepers, 80 of whom participated in international matches, revealed that the keepers’ level of confidence in empty-goal situations is moderate to high, that empty goal is rarely practiced more than once a week, and that less experienced goalkeepers are more positive regarding this rule change. The aim of the current study was to consider the empty-goal rule from the goalkeeper’s perspective, as their offense–defense game routine was drastically transformed following the introduction of this new rule. Previous literature shows that more often than not, such rule changes have led to unforeseen and undesired effects on players’ and teams’ behavior and performance. This change is one of many rule changes that have taken place in ball games in general and in handball in particular that were aimed to improve the competition and make gameplay more interesting. The 2016 “empty-goal” rule change in team handball allowed for swift goalkeeper-player substitutions, which opened the door to a variety of tactical solutions that could not be implemented prior to the change.
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